A tale of two cities
Andy Burnham's bid to win the Makerfield by-election has focused a lot of attention on 'Manchesterism', but another big regional city once set the trend nationally. I refer, of course, to Birmingham, Britain's second city in terms of population and geographic size. This title is hotly-contested by Manchester, both in terms of its metropolitan size and its economic and cultural importance. However, there is no doubt that, historically at least, Birmingham was hugely influential in the building of the civic and municipal structure of modern Britain. While the same argument can legitimately be made for Manchester, it was undoubtedly the election of Joseph Chamberlain as Mayor of Birmingham in 1873 that gave his city the edge. Chamberlain, a radical Liberal, spearheaded what was dubbed the "gas and water socialism" movement, bringing these vital utilities into public ownership. The profits were reinvested into slum clearance, the construction of paved roads, parks...